WHO shares new insights on herpes as billions live with the virus

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) affects billions of people globally, yet many remain unaware they are infected. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 3.8 billion people under the age of 50, or 64% of the global population in that age group, are living with HSV-1, the virus most commonly linked to oral herpes. Another 520 million people aged 15 to 49 are estimated to have HSV-2, which is primarily associated with genital herpes.

Despite being one of the world’s most common viral infections, herpes continues to be surrounded by misconceptions and stigma. The WHO says understanding the virus is key to managing it effectively.

Understanding HSV-1 and HSV-2

Herpes simplex virus is a lifelong infection that spreads mainly through skin-to-skin contact. Once inside the body, it remains in nerve cells and can switch between inactive and active phases.

HSV-1 is commonly acquired during childhood through oral contact such as kissing or sharing utensils. While it usually causes cold sores around the mouth, it can also lead to genital herpes through oral-genital contact. Of the 3.8 billion HSV-1 infections, about 376 million are genital infections.

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HSV-2 spreads primarily through sexual contact and is the leading cause of genital herpes. According to the WHO, women are infected nearly twice as often as men because male-to-female transmission is more efficient. HSV-2 is also more likely to cause repeated outbreaks than genital HSV-1.

Symptoms often go unnoticed

One reason herpes spreads so widely is that many people never develop noticeable symptoms. Even without visible sores, infected individuals can still transmit the virus.

When symptoms do appear, they often begin with tingling, itching or burning before blisters or sores develop. The first outbreak is usually the most severe and may include fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat or headache.

Later outbreaks are generally milder and shorter. Common triggers include illness, sunlight exposure, menstruation, physical injury and emotional stress.

Risks, treatment and prevention

The WHO notes that HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV by about threefold. In rare cases, herpes can also cause severe complications such as neonatal herpes, brain infections or eye infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

There is currently no cure or vaccine for herpes. However, antiviral medicines such as acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir can reduce symptoms, shorten outbreaks and lower the risk of transmission. Daily suppressive therapy may be recommended for people with frequent recurrences.

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To reduce transmission, the WHO advises avoiding sexual or oral contact during outbreaks, using condoms consistently, not sharing items that come into contact with saliva and informing healthcare providers about genital herpes during pregnancy.

The WHO emphasises that herpes is a common infection and that timely medical care, open communication and appropriate treatment can help people manage the condition effectively.

FAQs

What is the difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2?

HSV-1 mainly causes oral herpes but can also cause genital herpes, while HSV-2 is primarily responsible for genital herpes and is more likely to recur.

Can herpes be cured?

No. There is currently no cure or vaccine for herpes, but antiviral medications can help control symptoms, reduce outbreaks and lower the risk of transmission.